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Lesson
Resilient irrigation structures. The operation and maintenance of agricultural infrastructure built through projects needs to be sustainable. Routine O&M costs have been reduced by the project’s concrete lining of the canals. In addition, the choice of this technology reduces water losses from canals and thus enhances irrigation efficiency and the reliability of water delivery. Where flooding is a predictable annual event, as in the Quang Binh subproject, concreting the top of the dykes and covering it with gravel may prevent damage.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Financing repairs. The government should take effective financing measures for O&M and repairs to support IMCs and the cooperatives, especially through the provincial people’s committees. Mechanisms to ensure that IMCs and WUGs receive funds at the right time for repairs are needed. At a minimum, WUGs and cooperatives must work closely with the IMCs to ensure timely and effective O&M. The newly established Disaster Management Authority within MARD should play a role in this.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Measures to minimize flood damage. Close monitoring of the condition of the infrastructure is needed and cost recovery measures should be instituted for O&M of: (i) tertiary systems managed by cooperatives, and (ii) primary and secondary systems managed by IMCs and IMEs. The findings of the monitoring exercises should be regularly shared with the central and provincial governments to help MARD and the DARDs prepare budgets and mobilize resources.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Making use of water users groups. Although their autonomy was short-lived, WUGs functioned well using hydraulic boundaries. Project WUGs had their own bank accounts and stamp and the right to sign contracts. They received training in irrigation planning and management and financial management. Empowered water users became fully committed to the infrastructure that was crucial to their agriculture livelihood. It was acknowledged by the IMCs, the cooperatives, and even by DARDs that some WUGs constructed tertiary irrigation canals more quickly and/or at lower cost than PPMUs.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Appropriate monitoring systems. The project introduced a project performance monitoring system that made use of GIS and was supposed to be applied by the PPMUs. However, since benefits started to materialize only upon completion of the project, the government was more interested in construction monitoring. After the project, no funds were available for the continued use of the project performance monitoring system and it has been abandoned.

Project Number: 30292-023
Project Name: Central Region Water Resources Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB project documents need to be clear on how projects are to lead to sustainable results. The absence of consultants to address issues regarding the legal and technical aspects of O&M planning and funding, measures for cost recovery, tariff collection, and the metering system posed a risk to the sustainability of the water supply and sanitation subprojects. Future projects should include technical assistance that would implemented concurrently with the project.

Project Number: 41198-013, 43171-013
Project Name: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Loans for the Municipal Development Funds should be implemented as proper financial intermediary loans. The projects were designed as financial intermediation loans largely because the government wanted to disburse funds and execute subprojects quickly. MDF had the capacity and had prior experience of implementing such loans through an earlier World Bank project.

Project Number: 41198-013, 43171-013
Project Name: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB needs to invest in a good PPMS. The evaluation mission’s difficulty in measuring the efficiency of water supply and road subprojects financed under MSDP and MSDP Phase 2 was the result of an inadequate PPMS that focused mainly on monitoring disbursements and outputs. Baseline data were not collected on the market served by water supply subprojects, such as the number of households, persons per household, water sources, amounts of water produced and consumed, and water loss rates.

Project Number: 41198-013, 43171-013
Project Name: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Allocations for capacity building components need to be maintained. Discussions and interviews with MDF staff and municipal governments during the evaluation mission pointed to the need for further capacity building of MDF and municipal governments. This was one of the objectives of the projects.

Project Number: 41198-013, 43171-013
Project Name: Municipal Services Development Project and Municipal Services Development Project Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
The community-driven development approach is effective. Although it seems self-evident, this fundamental lesson is often overlooked and needs to be reiterated. Community involvement in planning and responsibility for O&M is a practical and cost-effective way of managing such small-scale systems. The government-enabled community ownership and capacity building approach employed by the project will be useful in other efforts to scale up agricultural development, for example in improving rural health, water supply and sanitation, and education.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Sustainable O&M and water provision are crucial. Sustainable O&M that guarantees water provision is an incentive for farmers to remain members of WUAs. Farmers tend to withdraw from WUAs if their fields do not receive adequate water flows. Without water delivery to their fields, there was no incentive for farmers to work on land conversion and therefore some refused to invest their resources in converting undeveloped land to paddy fields, which would have increased the irrigated area under the project.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Irrigation infrastructure should be built to last. Frequent damage to irrigation facilities caused by flooding and landslides is a big threat to the sustainability of infrastructure improvements. Considering the poor watershed management in the areas surrounding subprojects and incompatible land uses (e.g., hilly land corn farming above the irrigated rice fields), the construction of irrigation infrastructure needs to improve. Preventive and protective measures need to be taken to guard against recurring intense rainfalls and extreme weather events.

Project Number: 34188-013
Project Name: Northern Community-Managed Irrigation Sector Project
Report Date: