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Lesson
Project benefits, particularly those that are supposed to address poverty concerns, should be explicitly identified and quantified at the project preparatory stage.

Project Number: 39175-013
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Kunming–Hai Phong Transport Corridor: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project
Report Date:
Lesson
When preparing a project for Board approval, ADB should have a thorough knowledge of government procedures for approvals needed to begin project implementation. In the case of this project, ADB should have delayed Board approval until government approval was obtained.

Project Number: 39175-013
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Kunming–Hai Phong Transport Corridor: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The absence of baseline data and excessive number of targets in the original DMF was the result of inexperience with the MFF modality. The management of DMFs throughout the life of a MFF was a lesson to be learned but the lessons did not include the way in which baseline data was applied and targets designed. These topics were not new to project DMFs. It is also suggested that the overestimation of what the program could achieve is also a lesson to be learned and one which might be expected in a pioneer application of the MFF modality.

Project Number: 37559-023, 37559-033, 37559-043
Project Name: National Highway Development Sector Investment Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The $770 million appraisal estimate for 836 km of roads was overambitious given the 10-year time frame and the acknowledged low capacity of the NHA at appraisal. Project 1 design underestimated the security constraints to project preparation and implementation especially in Baluchistan which contained the largest proportion of project roads. Appropriate risks and assumptions were not adequately recognized by ADB until Project 2.

Project Number: 37559-023, 37559-033, 37559-043
Project Name: National Highway Development Sector Investment Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The institutional strengthening component was highly responsive to the operational deficiencies of the NHA. The design of this component was much weakened by NHA’s lack of commitment which caused delays and changes to the terms of reference and missed performance targets. Closer collaboration with the NHA prior to loan approval could have strengthened this component.

Project Number: 37559-023, 37559-033, 37559-043
Project Name: National Highway Development Sector Investment Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Land acquisition problems experienced by NHA. This required working with provincial governments which have legal responsibility for land matters and going through the difficult experiences in harmonizing national laws and ADB’s policy for social safeguards. An independent consultant engaged under the institutional strengthening project in 2007 identified and presented these issues in a written report.

Project Number: 37559-023, 37559-033, 37559-043
Project Name: National Highway Development Sector Investment Program
Report Date:
Lesson
In addition to these identified lessons, this validation finds two additional lessons to improve project sustainability: undertake a more detailed financial evaluation of road maintenance funding to determine if financial resources are sufficient—with and without the tolling option, and

Project Number: 41121-043
Project Name: CAREC Transport Corridor I (Zhambyl Oblast Section) [Western Europe–Western People's Republic of China International Transit Corridor] Investment Program (Tranche 3)
Report Date:
Lesson
the business plan of the operating and maintenance company should be better analyzed to determine the validity of toll revenue assumptions.

Project Number: 41121-043
Project Name: CAREC Transport Corridor I (Zhambyl Oblast Section) [Western Europe–Western People's Republic of China International Transit Corridor] Investment Program (Tranche 3)
Report Date:
Lesson
Consultation for land acquisition is difficult. In the project, two sections (0.5% of the project roads) are not yet completed owing to difficulty in acquiring the land. The NHAI recently adopted a policy that construction procurements will be started only when more than 80% of land acquisition is completed. However, even if this policy had been adopted in the project, the project still might not have resolved the issues it faced. Land acquisition is a difficult issue in India, and lack of careful consultation with landowners can lead to delays in the acquisition of land for roads.

Project Number: 34420-013, 34420-023
Project Name: National Highway Corridor (Sector) I Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Seamless transport across state boundaries is lacking. The east–west national highway corridor was improved significantly between Chittorgarh and Kanpur, and travel time was reduced. For example, the travel time from Shivpuri to Jhansi (100 km) decreased by 1 hour. However, trucks carrying goods must spend 1.5 hours at state border checkpoints to get tax and customs clearances to cross. The World Bank’s Logistic Performance Index, which ranks 160 countries every 2 years, ranked India 25th in 2016, up from 54th in 2014.

Project Number: 34420-013, 34420-023
Project Name: National Highway Corridor (Sector) I Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Delays in sections outside the project scope in the same corridor can have big impacts on a project. The Kota bypass, which is in the middle of the Chittorgarh–Kota and the Kota–Baran sections, was not completed owing to the collapse of the bridge under construction at the time of IEM fielding. Although the bypass is not within the scope of the project, the delay of its completion affected the traffic on adjacent sections of the project.

Project Number: 34420-013, 34420-023
Project Name: National Highway Corridor (Sector) I Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Build–operate–transfer (BOT) schemes have large risks but can be successful in high-traffic sections. The BOT annuity concessionaire for the Orai-Baran section, with higher traffic than expected, represents a successful case. However, in many cases BOT schemes in India are not successful. BOT concessionaires need to take large risks as (i) lack of achievement of expected traffic volumes owing to external factors such as the unexpected opening of competitive roads and construction delay in adjacent sections, and (ii) delays in land acquisition.

Project Number: 34420-013, 34420-023
Project Name: National Highway Corridor (Sector) I Project
Report Date:
Lesson
No additional lessons

Project Number: 35335-013
Project Name: National Highway Sector II Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Cofinancing and partner coordination improve the scope and effectiveness of development programs.

Project Number: 41121-023, 41121-033, 41121-013, 41121-043, 41121-053
Project Name: CAREC Transport Corridor I (Zhambyl Oblast Section) [Western Europe-Western People's Republic of China International Transit Corridor] Investment Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Regular communication between ADB and the EA/IA enhances program/project implementation and delivery of results.

Project Number: 41121-023, 41121-033, 41121-013, 41121-043, 41121-053
Project Name: CAREC Transport Corridor I (Zhambyl Oblast Section) [Western Europe-Western People's Republic of China International Transit Corridor] Investment Program
Report Date: