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Lesson
Te SSSDP failed to explicitly address a fundamental weakness in the social welfare system: the systematic exclusion of unregistered households. Efforts to overcome this flaw need to be accelerated.

Project Number: 33335-013, 33335-023
Project Name: Social Security Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Creating incentives at vocational training centers. The investment in training and workshop equipment has helped the vocational training centers to generate income. This income could provide a sustainable fund for equipment replacement and student scholarships.

Project Number: 33335-013, 33335-023
Project Name: Social Security Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Improving the impact of business incubation centers. The impact of the centers could be furthered by (i) providing start-up loans and performance-based support, (ii) providing better outreach to remote areas, and (iii) developing business incubation center packages that better target the livestock development needs of herders.

Project Number: 33335-013, 33335-023
Project Name: Social Security Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The State Social Insurance General Office (SSIGO) made considerable progress in improving its technical capacity under the project. It is likely that even greater progress would have been made had the office been given greater autonomy and more involvement in policy making.

Project Number: 33335-013, 33335-023
Project Name: Social Security Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The project did not have an adequate monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system. Analysis on gender and socioeconomic impacts are not available because of a lack of collection and disaggregation of data. The limited capacity of the M&E unit needs to be addressed if the impacts of future reform initiatives are to be properly assessed.

Project Number: 33335-013, 33335-023
Project Name: Social Security Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Simplify grant disbursement arrangements. The flow of Global Environment Facility (GEF) funds was slow and tedious and delayed implementation. This was due partly to the lack of an imprest account in the provinces. These disbursements arrangements need to be simple. The government has drawn lessons from the project and has now agreed to the establishment of imprest accounts in provincial departments of finance to receive grant funds directly from ADB.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Government ownership key. The project objectives were in line with the government's national policy on environmental improvement, renewable energy development, and poverty reduction in rural areas. The project activities were also well integrated with the existing institutional system, which involved rural energy offices and extension service stations in the counties and villages.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Training crucial to sustainability. A well-designed, well-executed capacity development program assures that a project will be sustainable and can be replicated. The sound planning of this project's training programs was one of the keys to its success. The training combined courses on biogas systems and agricultural production, giving farmers an opportunity to use new technology, knowledge, and ideas to improve their incomes and living standards. It was also broad and flexible, allowing the family members who are often the final users of the biogas to take part.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Providing training in the year after construction of the biogas digesters was also effective since this was when project farmers needed to learn about operation and maintenance (O&M) for their new equipment and how to make use of the slurry and sludge from the digesters in agricultural production. The project also established an institutional mechanism linking contractors with extension service stations and the farmers, which is critical in promoting further development of rural household biodigesters. The training program has created ripple effects in the participating provinces.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Climate and location important. Local weather conditions can affect the success of technology, as they did in the case of the type I system. The sustainability of type I systems, which include a greenhouse, could be marginal in Shanxi Province where the annual average temperature is low and they can only function properly for about half the year. The province's harsh weather also means that the greenhouses deteriorate faster and need more intensive maintenance. Understanding the geography of farmers' lives is also important in designing projects such as this.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Due diligence critical before using new technology. The technical and economic viability of a new technology, such as the straw gasification technology in the project, must be examined carefully before its inclusion in a project. This is particularly important to poverty- focused projects as poor stakeholders would have less capacity in managing risks of project failure. The cancellation of type IV gasification plants at midterm review mission over the concerns about their technology immaturity and economic viability avoided project failure and was a sound decision.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Enterprise ownership lacking. The lack of ownership and commitment on the part of the project enterprises to the preparation of the project design document (PDD) might cause the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) pilot bundling project to fail. In the case of the pilot CDM project in Henan Province, the provincial government may need to change its role from direct involvement in the CDM project development to technical support. The government should also seek direct involvement by the enterprises to enhance their ownership and understanding of the CDM process.

Project Number: 33443-013
Project Name: Efficient Utilization of Agricultural Wastes Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Initial implementation delays can be reduced by completing more works during project preparation such as (a) preparation of request for proposal for consulting services, (b) approval of feasibility studies by the government, (c) preparation of tender documents for the first contract package; and (d) advance actions for the procurement of consulting services or construction contracts.

Project Number: 33548-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date:
Lesson
More capacity building needs to be provided to the staff of project management units (PMUs) and project implementaiton units (PIUs), particularly during early stages of implementation.

Project Number: 33548-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Consultants should be fielded early in project implementation.

Project Number: 33548-013
Project Name: Urban Water Supply Project
Report Date: