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Lesson
It is important to maintain some degree of flexibility to effectively respond to crisis situations. Perhaps the most important quality of Thailand’s CARES program was its ability to rapidly mobilize demand-driven support in a crisis; highlighting the importance in future crisis responses of maintaining some degree of flexibility in both program design and implementation. ADB was able to process and approve the program within 3 months of the government’s initial request for support. Events in Thailand necessitated loan signing to take place about 4 months after ADB approval.

Project Number: 54177-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The urgency of the lending produced outcomes that, while unavoidable, are nevertheless instructive. For example, target setting was difficult because the contours of the pandemic were fluid. Liaising with the government was also challenging. The timeline for initial response was tight, and ADB worked with a small number of government teams in the interest of speed. This concentrated approach to planning was complicated by the pandemic affecting government officials’ health and well-being personally.

Project Number: 54139-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to digitalize government services in times of crisis. This effort is best pursued through collaboration with the private sector in Indonesia. The collaboration can strengthen the country's defense against future outbreaks and improve the targeting of social assistance. Digitalization including ithe financial sector should remain a focal point of ADB’s policy dialogue with Indonesia.

Project Number: 54139-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
An integrated approach to sustainable recovery is necessary to enhance the development impact of the CARES program. While the CPRO’s primary purpose was to deliver emergency assistance to support the government’s pandemic response, it also supported overall measures to keep the government on track in pursuing structural reforms that would enable a sustainable recovery from the pandemic. Such measures cohere around an integrated approach to meet Cambodia’s medium- and long-term recovery needs, including an improved investment environment and sound fiscal governance.

Project Number: 54195-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Failing to describe and include the history of prior experience of a particular reform in the program weakens the case for their relevance. In Tonga, civil service reform had an extended history. Pointing out the lessons learned from earlier efforts and how they were incorporated into the current program would have strengthened the justification for these reforms.

Project Number: 52030-001
Project Name: Strengthening Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
At the methodology level, actions that demonstrate the achievement of program policy matrix milestones should indicate what was achieved, rather than the process of their accomplishment. Cabinet approval is an inadequate indicator to demonstrate the successful implementation of policy reform in Tonga.

Project Number: 52030-001
Project Name: Strengthening Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The development partners coordination mechanism and the rolling policy reform matrix provided the government and its development partners a framework to formulate a reform agenda, and design and implement a series of policy actions. It can be expected that this framework will continue to be valuable in supporting the government’s efforts to improve economic management.

Project Number: 50377-001
Project Name: Improved Fiscal and Infrastructure
Management Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Outcome indicators that do not measure the achievement of outcomes and that are only indirectly linked to the desired outcomes weaken the attainment of objectives.

Project Number: 51059-001, 51059-002
Project Name: Improved Fiscal and Infrastructure
Management Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Do not propose establishment of a new business continuity fund during crisis. The business continuity fund was established during the crisis. Actual usage was far less compared with existing instruments for concessional lending and refinancing, as operationalization took time. Unless such a fund can be established on time, proposing a new fund during a crisis should be avoided when good instruments are available.

Project Number: 54184-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Maintaining economic growth and protecting the vulnerable in crisis situations demand timely intervention and sizable stimulus package. The success of the government countercyclical program in maintaining economic growth and protecting vulnerable populations validated the effectiveness of the government’s approach.

Project Number: 54180-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Flexibility in adjusting timelines and targets to respond to new and unforeseen factors enhances impact. Difficulties in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic affected project implementation timelines. The pandemic was unprecedented in scale and unpredictable in terms of the percentage of the workforce testing positive; the mobility restrictions that needed to be imposed to control its spread; and its impact on availability of supplies, materials and expertise needed to implement the project.

Project Number: 54189-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The government's response to the pandemic was comprehensive and effective. It provided a policy framework through the National Emergency Response Plan, and identified a set of concrete measures, associated expenditures, and financing plan which it brought together under the countercyclical expenditure development plan. The expenditure development plan further combined revenue and expenditure measures shown by international experience to be effective in safeguarding fiscal sustainability.

Project Number: 54174-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Rapid Response Program
Report Date:
Lesson
When programs embody reforms that are directed at strengthening the institutional framework for the operation of key markets, such as those underlying financial markets, clearly articulating them in the program documents clarifies objectives. By not doing so, it risks the results of the program not being fully apparent due to the lengthy period for the reforms to come to fruition. By setting as outcome objectives, what the improved framework will lead to places the outcome outside the time frame of the program

Project Number: 51060-002, 51060-003
Project Name: Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Strong alignment with government strategies and priorities leads to strong government ownership and participation in program implementation. The reforms adopted under this program were essential to improve fiscal credibility and strengthen the capital market in Armenia. They were fully aligned with the strategies of the government and ADB. Because of this strong strategic alignment, government ownership of the program remained strong and all implementing agencies actively coordinated with ADB to achieve the reform agenda.

Project Number: 53248-001
Project Name: Second Public Efficiency and Financial Markets Program
Report Date:
Lesson
In small island developing countries with limited policy reform capacity, ADB should avoid targeting multiple reform areas in one policy-based operation—i.e., debt management, civil service reform, management of the wage bill, public procurement, and private sector development—and keep prior actions to a minimum.

Project Number: 48361-001, 48361-002, 48361-003
Project Name: Building Macroeconomic Resilience Program
Report Date: