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Lesson
Land acquisition issues in PNG are more difficult to resolve than in other countries, as 97% of land is customarily owned. In this project, In this project, In this project, they were harder to contend with than expected at design stage due to changes in weather patterns that affected travel plans, with many of the sites located at sea. In a project as widely dispersed geographically as this one, more time will also have to be allowed for site access and community engagement activities.

Project Number: 44375-013
Project Name: Maritime and Waterways Safety Project
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Lesson
Ensuring that the design of the TA aligns with ADB strategic regional efforts is important in order for the TA to contribute to longer-term sustainable results. In this case, the TA was aligned with ADB strategies and policies on RCI, energy, and environment, as well as the national and regional policies and strategies of the SASEC member countries.

Project Number: 52070-001
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Regional Energy Cooperation
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Lesson
An established cooperation platform like the South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) facilitates the design of a regional TA and is particularly helpful in ensuring that TA activities are well grounded, technically sound,and flexible. The TA design and planning process followed a comprehensive and collaborative approach, analyzing regional cooperation and integration (RCI) potential and challenges in the energy sector of the SASEC region, with extensive consultations undertaken among various stakeholders in each SASEC member country.

Project Number: 52070-001
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Regional Energy Cooperation
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Lesson
With strong justification and available financing in place, government-proposed adjustments to output components during implementation can help ensure a project's continued alignment with evolving government strategies. This can also deliver more outputs that contribute directly to achieving the project's outcome and generate greater social and economic benefits. In this case, following the government's new policy on poverty reduction, the provincial and county governments proposed to resurface all the 1,200 km roads connecting lower-level village roads.

Project Number: 46040-003
Project Name: Yunnan Pu'er Regional Integrated Road Network Development Project
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Lesson
Apart from offering concessional interest rates,ADB and China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation (I&G) could explore providing enhanced value-added services for ongoing and future financial intermediation loan initiatives in air quality improvement or climate change programs. The global economic slowdown dampened enthusiasm for green investments, while the rise in euro interest rates and the reduction of yuan lending rates since 2022 presented additional challenges for green financing eligible subprojects within the greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.

Project Number: 50096-002
Project Name: Air Quality Improvement in the Greater Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region—China National Investment and Guaranty Corporation’s Green Financing Platform Project
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Lesson
Financing a series of smaller projects within a broader financing structure can provide efficient infrastructure improvement support on a larger scale. Although the project completion report indicated that these types of projects should contain fewer districts to reduce the implementation burden, the report confirmed the efficacy of the project. Therefore, to provide large-scale infrastructure, it may be preferable to finance a series of smaller projects within a broader financing structure, such as a multitranche financing facility.

Project Number: 45084-002
Project Name: Coastal Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Project
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Lesson
Actively engaging key government agencies can provide the much-needed oversight and intervention to facilitate the timely and effective resolution of design and implementation issues emerging from project implementation, especially those that ADB will have extremely limited control over. The borrower and executing agencies coordinated with security forces to grant consultants’ permission to enter army-controlled areas, ensure their security and safety, and arrange basic facilities for them. Such facilitation minimized delay in preparatory work.

Project Number: 42254-013
Project Name: Northern Road Connectivity Project
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Lesson
Good due diligence at appraisal is important to prepare a realistic project schedule considering the institutional setup, internal review and approval procedures, existing capacity, and prior experience of the government and executing agency in implementing ADB and other development partners' projects. Formulating appropriate project design, identifying major risks, implementing adequate mitigation measures, and providing early implementation support are crucial in minimizing startup delays and facilitating the timely implementation progress of projects.

Project Number: 44130-022
Project Name: District Capitals Water Supply Project
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Lesson
In terms of project design, in-depth analysis of various loan modality options and risks assessment, taking in consideration the ountry’s huge capacity and institutional gaps, can help design an appropriate loan modality. For example, a sector lending, which can also run for a decade and sustain capacity support to the sector, requires a sector analysis that covers a thorough analysis of the factors that affect the performance of the sector, including policy, institutional or regulatory frameworks, as well as the sustainability of the investment.

Project Number: 40173-044
Project Name: Highlands Region Road Improvement Investment Program - MFF and Project 3
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Lesson
India's policy on land acquisition needs an amendment in cases where sufficient land for improvement is not voluntarily available. This would allow for permission te be granted outside the scope of the policy, as necessary. As of 2022, the Prime Minister’s Rural Roads Program (PMGSY)is being implemented with no land acquisition. Where land is required, only voluntary-based possession is allowed. If sufficient land cannot be pooled on a voluntary basis, a geometric design is used as a compromise. However, these locations may become accident black spots.

Project Number: 48266-002, 48226-004
Project Name: Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program (Tranche 2 and Multitranche Financing Facility)
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Lesson
It is critical to obtain accurate information during the design and appraisal stage to help facilitate growth forecast on traffic volumes. Such information provides a solid groundwork for the assessment of a transport project’s economic viability and efficiency and help underpin its rationale, scope, and implementation timeframe. As such, greater consideration on the survey or collection of traffic data is crucial in enhancing the quality of project-level economic analysis.

Project Number: 46543-002
Project Name: Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridors 3 and 5 Enhancement Project
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Lesson
Maintaining the capacity built through similar projects or establishing knowledge transfer could extend the sustainability of project activities and increase the likelihood of achieving expected impacts. The long-term usefulness of the capacity that was built must be further considered. Closer linkage between the participants in TA trainings and the infrastructure activities could have encouraged participants to apply their newly built capacity within the project.

Project Number: 37097-013
Project Name: Integrated Rural Development Sector Project in the Central Provinces
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Lesson
The facility’s flexibility allowed the use of savings from one tranche to fund investments from another tranche. The installation and supply of ventilators within tranche 5 was canceled in the metro project as the increase in costs surpassed the initially allocated loan funds. Savings from tranche 1 from the cancellation of other subprojects were used to fund the investment in ventilators from the metro project.

Project Number: 42414-013, 42414-045
Project Name: Sustainable Urban Transport Investment Program - Tranche 5 and MFF
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Lesson
Project readiness challenges could result in sequential delays of the different tranches in an MFF, leaving insufficient time for implementation within the MFF term and making MFF less relevant. Prior to the approval of each tranche, the initial design for each project was prepared to varying degrees.

Project Number: 44483-024, 44483-023, 44483-026, 44483-027
Project Name: Second Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridor 2 Road Investment Program
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Lesson
Well-developed monitoring framework with logically defined target indicators can assist the project in measuring its achievements and results objectively. Under the project, an indicator about the share of e-trikes in the operation of 3-wheelers or the number of local government units adopting electric mobility options for public transport would have been more appropriate outcome indicators. Furthermore, the e-trikes’ operating costs and drivers’ income could have been included to assess the financial suitability of the new technology.

Project Number: 43207-013
Project Name: Market Transformation through Introduction of Energy-Efficient Electric Vehicles Project
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