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Lesson
Gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) mainstreaming in Nepal's Ministry of Public Infrastructure and Transport (MPIT) is challenging. The MPIT developed and approved the guidelines for GESI. However, operationalizing the guidelines in all ministry operations has been challenging, mainly because of the need to orient staff at different levels. The government's budget allocation for mainstreaming GESI ensures strong ownership, but the budget is not adequate for institutionalizing GESI in the transport sector.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Lack of ownership of design by the executing agency can lead to implementation delays. The project was the first ADB supported project where the design and construction supervision contracts were split. Reviewing and deciding on design changes was delayed because of a lack of ownership over design by the construction supervision consultant's and the Department of Roads lack of timely decisions.

Project Number: 38350-013
Project Name: South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation Road Connectivity Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The delay in achieving project effectiveness was unforeseen and unwarranted, given the priority requirement of rooftop solar PV systems to meet national policies,

Project Number: 50373-002
Project Name: Rooftop Solar Power Generation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Additional approval required by the Ministry of FInance had caused delays to the overall lending process, despite a central monitoring and approval process which was imperative to maintain consistency and objectivity of the project. However, the same level of oversight and central approval process can be implemented in projects where relevant parties are provided with an online tool to manage documentation and other activities.

Project Number: 50373-002
Project Name: Rooftop Solar Power Generation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Stakeholder expectations and reliance on concessional financing have a negative effect on the market upon completion of the project. Until the loan is fully used up, the market seldom finds innovative methods to improve viability without such concessional conditions. Therefore, by design, the project shall encourage the market to evolve and innovate to sustain without any concessional financing.

Project Number: 50373-002
Project Name: Rooftop Solar Power Generation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Despite the market already being available to cater to the project, the TA intervention resulted in a much smoother implementation that may have been difficult without a TA. Such TA components could improve project effectiveness and the good practices introduced would better the overall market. Thus, similar TA projects are encouraged for greenfield projects of this nature.

Project Number: 50373-002
Project Name: Rooftop Solar Power Generation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Long-term engagement and dialogue by ADB with the government, executing agency, implementing agencies, private sector agencies, and relevant development partners is essential to ensure support for small and medium enterprises reform.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Implementation is strengthened by the provision of coordinated and responsive capacity-building support, with key actions categorized as short, medium, and long term to provide a more specific time frame and indicate the sequencing for each category.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
SME policy reforms require strong ongoing political commitment by key government agencies. The Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Program (PSME2) supported government agencies on this agenda to improve the regulatory business environment, the effectiveness of business enterprise processes, access, capacity, and responsiveness.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
implementation anchored in a national law. Some output targets—building technical skills and institutional capacity, engaging with SME participants, facilitating the adoption of new processes, and institutionalizing the changes—required a longer time for effective implementation.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Realistic timelines are essential, given government agency capacities and the institutional, policy, and behavioral changes required. Introducing new regulatory frameworks required a sequential building-block approach, from diagnostics to pilot implementation, expansion of pilots, and national

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
The PSME2 demonstrated the critical role that TA plays in supporting policy, planning, awareness raising, change processes, training, and skills, and in institutionalizing SME reforms. Furthermore, using post-program partnership framework (P3F) support is important in facilitating ongoing SME reform and institutionalizing SME processes.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
As the government continues the reform program with assistance from other development partners and the private sector, detailed ongoing assessments of government budget commitments and financing needs, and capacity development are required, with related work plans. This support needs to include working with the Lao National Chamber of Commerce and Industry as a key partner, expanding the SME Service Centers and outreach, and enhancing access to finance. It will also require government decisions on legal, regulatory, and financial aspects, to fully operationalize an e-commerce platform.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
Understanding the Private Sector Small Medium Enterprises (PSME) context is essential both at the design stage and during implementation. A detailed assessment of SME policy and institutional, political, and social context is required, with ADB engagement as part of a coordinated program of support by development partners for SME reform. As achieved under the PSME2, it is important that the supported policy actions focus on a limited number of sequenced, high-impact reforms that lead to development outcomes that are clearly defined and reflected in the DMF.

Project Number: 44057-012, 44057-013
Project Name: Second Private Sector and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Development Program (Subprograms 1 and 2)
Report Date:
Lesson
The sector development program modality proved to be effective in helping the government to reform the education sector. It responded to the sector's major problem of insufficient financing, with the policy-based grant providing the government financial incentives to reform the sector. The project component effectively supported the implementation of policy reforms. Some project initiatives are not yet fully functional and the government needs further support to accomplish these. Supporting technical assistance could address this.

Project Number: 46537-002
Project Name: Strengthening Education System Sector Development Program
Report Date: