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Lesson
A long list, covering all possible risks, needs to be considered in developing the risk monitoring framework. This is essential to ensure the monitoring toolkit is replicable for implementation in any other toll road projects. Development of institutional knowledge on the toll road sector is also deemed necessary for successful replication of this TA.

Project Number: 54396-001
Project Name: Trans Sumatra Toll Road Risk Monitoring
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Lesson
Knowledge sharing and capacity building through workshops facilitate better understanding of stakeholder capacity and capacity building needs.

Project Number: 54396-001
Project Name: Trans Sumatra Toll Road Risk Monitoring
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Lesson
Post-publication knowledge sharing events are critical for the dissemination of knowledge generated by TA projects. Involvement of industry resource persons has value addition. Utilizing various platforms including social media will maximize knowledge sharing and dissemination.

Project Number: 55319-001
Project Name: Southeast Asia Aviation: COVID-19 Impact and Short-term Strategy
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Lesson
For TA requiring knowledge product publication, the Department of Communication and Knowledge Management, ADB needs to be consulted early in TA implementation. This would have helped prevent TA implementation period to be extended by 8 months partly to ensure the quality of the knowledge product.

Project Number: 55319-001
Project Name: Southeast Asia Aviation: COVID-19 Impact and Short-term Strategy
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Lesson
Sustained engagement is critical for the successful completion of reform programs. This program benefited from the government’s strong ownership of sector reform. However, it also made the reform program susceptible to changes in policy directions and strategies, especially with changes in political leadership. As an example, renewable energy tariff mechanisms changed multiple times during the program period.

Project Number: 49043-001, 49043-002, 49043-003
Project Name: Sustainable and Inclusive Energy Program 
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Lesson
Government leadership and coordination are key to successful sector reforms. The main reason for the delay in completing subprogram 3 was because of the time needed to complete the coordination for a presidential regulation that required more interministerial coordination and agreements than a ministerial regulation. While this additional requirement makes this action more irreversible, overcoming the coordination challenge was not without difficulty. Government leadership for careful coordination was critical in completing this policy action.

Project Number: 49043-001, 49043-002, 49043-003
Project Name: Sustainable and Inclusive Energy Program 
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Lesson
A flexible approach to respond to evolving priorities is important in maintaining the relevance of a policy-based loan (PBL) program. At the beginning of this program, further development in the oil and gas sector was a priority. However, during the 8-year program period, the government’s priority shifted to energy transition. Some of the policy actions in subprogram 3 were revised accordingly, in consultation with cofinancing partners, to reflect this development.

Project Number: 49043-001, 49043-002, 49043-003
Project Name: Sustainable and Inclusive Energy Program 
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Lesson
Considering the attainment of as many benefits as possible in the project design could facilitate a real, inclusive impact on the beneficiaries.

Project Number: 39071-013
Project Name: Metropolitan Sanitation Management and Health Project
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Lesson
The results-based lending (RBL) modality provides flexibility to adjust targets adversely affected by unforessen adverse events such as COVID-19. During 2020–2022, the COVID-19 pandemic affected the demand for electricity, lowering the State Electricity Company's (PLN) revenues and creating uncertainty in its investment plans. Sourcing equity financing and implementing ongoing projects within PLN became difficult under such conditions and adjustments were needed in scope and time targets of ongoing works.

Project Number: 50016-001
Project Name: Sustainable Energy Access in Eastern Indonesia—Electricity Grid Development Program
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Lesson
Adequate safeguard reporting arrangements with frequency and report templates included in the construction contracts and technical guidance on the implementation of safeguard actions can strengthen project compliance to ADB safeguard requirements. The introduction of program actions through the RBL programs has improved PLN staff's awareness and capacity concerning ADB safeguard requirements. The grievance redress mechanism was found to be an area for further improvement during the evaluation of the previous RBL in Sumatra.

Project Number: 50016-001
Project Name: Sustainable Energy Access in Eastern Indonesia—Electricity Grid Development Program
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Lesson
An off-site sanitation system with a broad coverage area is feasible in Indonesia and may be scaled up to support national sanitation targets. The project, under the Yogyakarta subproject, was to able to successfully operate an off-site sanitation system covering all the administrative areas of the city and the districts of Sleman and Bantul. Against the 14,700 targeted additional sewer connections, it completed 17,880 connections or 121.63% of the target.

Project Number: 39071-013
Project Name: Metropolitan Sanitation Management and Health Project
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Lesson
The urgency of the lending produced outcomes that, while unavoidable, are nevertheless instructive. For example, target setting was difficult because the contours of the pandemic were fluid. Liaising with the government was also challenging. The timeline for initial response was tight, and ADB worked with a small number of government teams in the interest of speed. This concentrated approach to planning was complicated by the pandemic affecting government officials’ health and well-being personally.

Project Number: 54139-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
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Lesson
It is important to digitalize government services in times of crisis. This effort is best pursued through collaboration with the private sector in Indonesia. The collaboration can strengthen the country's defense against future outbreaks and improve the targeting of social assistance. Digitalization including ithe financial sector should remain a focal point of ADB’s policy dialogue with Indonesia.

Project Number: 54139-001
Project Name: COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program
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Lesson
Well-trained local government staff and project management consultants on the requirements for involuntary resettlement under ADB and national government guidelines can mitigate challenges. While a resettlement framework was prepared for the project, there was a need to ensure that the implementors understood it well. One approach would be to utilize the first resettlement undertaking as a running case for all participating cities to learn from the initial experiences generated.

Project Number: 46094-001
Project Name: Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Project (Phase 2)
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Lesson
In implementing the PPPs and in establishing the PPP unit, specific actions could have been better emphasized to ensure that such projects are affordable to the poor and that these are gender and socially conscious. Providing varied financing mechanisms for different forms of PPPs—such as viability gap funding, availability-based, and Islamic bond financing—were innovations that could be repeated in future projects.

Project Number: 48134-001, 48134-006, 48134-007
Project Name: Stepping Up Investments for Growth Acceleration Program (Subprograms 1, 2, and 3)
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