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Lesson
Unforeseen events outside the control of the executing agency, such as amendments to laws and regulations and changes in decisions, require additional effort, time, and resources—and accordingly, flexibility in the project. This is especially relevant in the context of a country such as Mongolia, which is still transitioning to a market-based economy and rapidly developing, and therefore, frequently introduces new changes to the existing legislation.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Projects that plan to introduce systemic reforms require more time for advocating new concepts, building consensus, and overcoming the institutional interests of stakeholders. This was the case with the establishment of the Medicines Regulatory Authority, for which thegovernment spent nearly 10 years.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Ensuring close coordination between relevant agencies and capacity building are essential for land acquisition and resettlement activities are carried out in a timely and satisfactory manner. For this project, close coordination was forged between the implementing unit and the Land Agency.

Project Number: 41243-012
Project Name: Fourth Health Sector Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Incorporation of experiences and lessons from local and global good practices strengthens the design of projects.

Project Number: 48236-001
Project Name: Strengthening Community Resilience to Dzud and Forest and Steppe Fires Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
Equipment to be provided by projects should be properly allocated and based on recipient needs. The distribution of equipment in some cases was not adequate for local disaster risks. For example, blowers were provided to all aimags including Govi-Altai where the risk of steppe and forest fires is low. In contrast, because of the high risk of forest fires in the area, Khuvsgul would have been provided more equipment such as blowers and forest fire extinguisher.

Project Number: 48236-001
Project Name: Strengthening Community Resilience to Dzud and Forest and Steppe Fires Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
Strong community support is better assured through collaboration with local groups. Even in baghs (subdistricts) where shelters were not constructed, community support was strong because of the BNGs established by the project. Community ties nurtured through the BNGs have resulted in knowledge exchange, responsibility-sharing among the herders, and efficient use of BNG revolving funds and disaster risk reduction equipment and tools. BNGs organized various activities that benefited the whole community, such as road repairs and fence-building new fences.

Project Number: 48236-001
Project Name: Strengthening Community Resilience to Dzud and Forest and Steppe Fires Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
Small-scale infrastructure can have an added value. The construction of livestock shelters and wells increased agricultural production and reduced livestock losses for many households. The results of this activity inspired other BNGs to build disaster-resilient infrastructure using their own resources. During the project completion review fieldwork missions, local residents expressed gratitude and gave positive feedback on the benefits they received.

Project Number: 48236-001
Project Name: Strengthening Community Resilience to Dzud and Forest and Steppe Fires Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
An integrated, eco-friendly sanitation and waste management system is possible through a combination of innovative approaches. This project’s design reflects the experience gained from the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction grants and other donor and government initiatives incorporating innovative best practices in eco-friendly and integrated onsite sanitation and waste management system.

Project Number: 49113-001
Project Name: Managing Soil Pollution in Ger Areas through Improved On-site Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Adoption of global best practices in sanitation and human waste management, which are culturally sensitive, requires extensive consultations and social awareness building. The project originally planned to use a composting facility ran by the Action Contre le Faim Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, which was unexpectedly closed down. This required a minor change in scope, which was swiftly approved and provided implementation support by ADB.

Project Number: 49113-001
Project Name: Managing Soil Pollution in Ger Areas through Improved On-site Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Adequate public awareness and successful demonstration of the benefits from projects facilitate the replication of these projects or components thereof. Soil pollution and pit latrine issues were not well addressed and discussed before project inception. The project created a large impact through awareness raising and by demonstrating the highly beneficial project outcome in Mongolia. Buttressed by a participatory approach, the project has helped bring about notable shifts in government focus and household outlook towards human waste management and soil pollution issues.

Project Number: 49113-001
Project Name: Managing Soil Pollution in Ger Areas through Improved On-site Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Effective procurement plans and strategies require the conduct of relevant market and technical assessments, adequate consultation with pertinent government officials, and appropriate contract packaging. Several procurement issues, including unresponsive bidding, inadequate consulting services, inadequate terms of reference for consultants, etc. occurred mainly because of the technical nature of the goods and works required, which caused some changes in procurement arrangements during implementation.

Project Number: 49113-001
Project Name: Managing Soil Pollution in Ger Areas through Improved On-site Sanitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Programs such as this should take a holistic approach to measuring and abating air pollution. Although substantial progress has been made, longer-term policy measures to address the ongoing air quality issue in Mongolia are still needed The increased concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide show shortcomings in the program’s overall achievements, along with the concentrations of small particulate matter which remain above World Health Organization’s guidelines, necessitating more policy actions.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
Publication of air quality should be institutionalized to provide a feedback loop to policy makers and to empower the public to assess overall progress. ADB’s participation in the longer-term framework for air pollution abatement will reinforce the feedback and will be an instrument to provide additional assistance that will ensure the continued air pollution reduction in Ulaanbaatar and other urban areas in Mongolia.

Project Number: 53028-001
Project Name: Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program and Ulaanbaatar Air Quality Improvement
Program – Phase 2
Report Date:
Lesson
The use of lump sum construction supervision contracts under conditions of frequent design changes is disadvantageous for the consultant and could jeopardize project implementation. The use of a lump sum contract between the EA and consultant for this project was not suitable. Lump sum contracts work well when tasks are precisely defined and the risks to both parties are well understood. In this case, the project had frequent design changes that resulted in extended discussions on the variations and severe implementation delays.

Project Number: 41192-013
Project Name: Regional Logistics Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
It is important to minimize if not completely prevent the need for design changes that could exacerbate implementation challenges. The project as delivered differs significantly from that expected at appraisal. A memorandum of understanding following the April 2013 loan review mission had made extensive and critical comments on the conceptual and detailed design of the project.

Project Number: 41192-013
Project Name: Regional Logistics Development Project
Report Date: