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Lesson
Consulting services for design, monitoring, supervision, and overall project management are important for timely procurement and implementation, and particularly for the complex DBO contracting modality, considering that government agencies in Bhutan are increasingly familiar with and prefer DBO

Project Number: 44240-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Timely and close monitoring of safeguard implementation by trained project management staff and consultants minimizes disruption to communities and facilitates smooth implementation. A grievance redress mechanism was established across all three subprojects; but no grievances were officially recorded.

Project Number: 44240-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Extensive upstreamCapacity development is required to address municipalities and contractors’ limited capacities and understanding of complex design, build, and operate (DBO) contracts. Those limitations delayed the procurement and implementation of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) contract under this project.

Project Number: 44240-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Timely processing of changes in scope, implementation, and disbursement arrangements strengthen implementation and enhance project relevance.

Project Number: 44240-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Appropriate metrics need to be ensured for each level of the results chain. The output indicators measured outcomes or benefits rather than the physical interventions contracted. That impacted the measurement of output performance during implementation.

Project Number: 44240-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Organizational interventions support and reinforce capacity building for institutional knowledge retention. For instance, organizational intervention, such as handover procedures and an operations manual developed as part of the DBO contract, combined with operation and maintenance staff training to ensure knowledge retention and sustained institutional strengthening in maintaining the operational standards for potable water supply prescribed by the Bhutan Drinking Water Quality Standard, 2016.

Project Number: 44240-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Engineering designs that do not include a proper sludge disposal system in the WWTP design could create long-term challenges. This was resolved under this project through engineering redesign. Potential long-term environmental sustainability issues were consequently avoided

Project Number: 44240-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inappropriate implementation arrangements could lead to significant implementation challenges. Implementation by thromdes created ground-level coordination challenges among multiple institutions that could have been avoided by restructuring implementation arrangements

Project Number: 44240-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Well-planned integrated urban development investments—possibly including a South Tarawa-wide sewage collection and disposal system along with subsidized toilet and flushing facilities for low-income households— are necessary to substantially address the sanitation issue in South Tarawa. It was recognized from the outset that the project could only be the start of a comprehensive solution to the serious sanitation problem in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Inadequate staffing levels and frequent staff turnovers make training efforts less effective and sustainable. Under their existing structures, all the key project agencies faced challenges due to the perennial shortage of key personnel, made worse by high staff turnover. Therefore, it has been essential for ADB to continually review staff skills and capabilities and corporate structures, and implement measures to fill capacity gaps.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The government needs to do more to provide leaderahip and guidance to infrastructure projects in Kiribati. The Project Steering Commitee, renamed in 2016 as the National Infrastructure Development Steering Committee, was set up to guide several other infrastructure projects aside from this one. Therefore, it can provide only limited support to the ADB project. Achieving the intended impacts of a major project such as ADB's requires regular and proactive direction from senior government representatives through all phases of the project.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
To maximize impacts, community engagement components along with sufficient budget and post-project continuity plans need to be embedded in the design of projects that entail behavioral change. This project's community engagement component was designed and implemented as a broad-based outreach program to encourage behavioral change in personal waste disposal and hygiene, especially handwashing with soap, across all communities in South Tarawa.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Collection of both quantitative and qualitative data on gender impacts need to be incorporated in the design of future community engagement initiatives. Such data should provide indications on how and to what degree the initiative reduces women's time poverty, improves their well-being, and boosts their ability to engage in productive activities.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The imposition of sewerage tariffs needs to be carefully thought out and based on a thorough study, as these could discourage low-income households from connecting to new sanitation services. Sewerage tariffs were proposed based on the “user pays” principle as one of two means to increase resources for the operation and maintenance of project facilities. However, sanitation services are overall viewed as a public good not suited to the "user pays" principle. Moreover, given the dire pre- project sanitation situation in South Tarawa, the principle may not work.

Project Number: 43072-013
Project Name: South Tarawa Sanitation Improvement Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
When doing the design and monitoring framework (DMF) exercise, outcomes should describe the immediate and direct benefits of the project. Outcome statements articulate the change the project is expected to achieve—in this case, the management of in-migration. No separate outcome statement or concept was included in the DMF.

Project Number: 38049-013
Project Name: Urban Infrastructure Development Project
Report Date: