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Lesson
The concept of a sustainable self-funding Rural Enterprise Modernization Company (REMC) providing BDS in markets with limited ability to pay was an inappropriate design. The services provided are public benefits, which are traditionally the role of government rather than private companies. The lack of private entities currently providing these services in Pakistan reinforces this point.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The security situation in Pakistan was a major factor in the failure to recruit international consultants. In countries where security concerns prevail, project design needs to account for the difficulty in recruiting and retaining suitable international consultants. Limiting the role of international consultants to a few key positions and to supervision of national consultant inputs may contribute to greater project success.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
ADB should monitor the Planning Commission (PC-1) approval process for Pakistan projects so as to be aware of potential problems and ensure that appropriate levels of counterpart funds are guaranteed at the time of loan negotiations.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The project attempted to indigenize the One Tambon One Product (OTOP) concept that was considered successful in Thailand and Japan. However, only limited efforts were made to understand the likelihood of the success of this initiative in Pakistan. The reasons for the program's success in the other countries and whether the same positives were present in Pakistan were not assessed. Moreover, the success of such projects is often led by a bottom-up grassroots demand for the project outputs, yet this project was a top-down initiative.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The officer responsible for project design should be involved in the initial stages of project management to ensure a smooth transition from processing to implementation.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Ministry of Industries, Production, and Special Initiatives (MoIPSI) and the project management unit (PMU) had difficulty in understanding the requirements of the design and monitoring framework (DMF) because it lacked clarity regarding activities and output requirements. The PMU noted that, even though terms of reference had been prepared for individual consultants, the exact purpose of some of the positions and the outputs to be delivered were not clear.

Project Number: 38447-013
Project Name: Rural Enterprise Modernization Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The persistence of a minor or routine problem could mask serious underlying issues that the project design left unidentified or unresolved, e.g., ownership of the project objectives or governance issues.

Project Number: 30208-013
Project Name: Decentralized Elementary Education Project (Sindh)
Report Date:
Lesson
Even a minor or routine problem—e.g., the currency of the second-generation imprest accounts in the districts—can prove fatal and bring down the entire project if left unresolved over a long time.

Project Number: 30208-013
Project Name: Decentralized Elementary Education Project (Sindh)
Report Date:
Lesson
Overly complex and ambitious projects are difficult to implement especially when the executing agency is not familiar with the procedures and institutional practices of ADB.

Project Number: 30208-013
Project Name: Decentralized Elementary Education Project (Sindh)
Report Date:
Lesson
The need for ADB to either be more rigorous in enforcing conditions for release of funds, or to have the flexibility to alter release conditions during the course of the program when it becomes obvious that the conditions cannot be genuinely met or are evidently irrelevant to the objectives.

Project Number: 33173-013, 33173-023
Project Name: Agriculture Sector Program II
Report Date:
Lesson
The agenda of labor rights is also incompatible with these loans because rather than entailing restructuring of commodity, capital and fiscal markets through rapidly-disbursed loans, it involves political processes labor representation in legislative bodies, constitutional and legal provisions, an effective judicial system, and above all the abolition of a feudal structure, which is a root cause of bonded labor.

Project Number: 32024-013
Project Name: Sindh Rural Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Given the sector mandate of line agencies in Pakistan, provincial planning and development departments are the best institutional homes for multisector projects, as these are the only departments with a multisector mandate. In addition, they have established reporting lines and institutional relationships with line departments and district governments.

Project Number: 32024-013
Project Name: Sindh Rural Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Labor- related regulatory and administrative reforms were included in the design but given the program loan focus on fiscal matters and reduction of recurrent costs, these measures were not achieved because these measures required increase in public expenditure and legislation.

Project Number: 32024-013
Project Name: Sindh Rural Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
A multisector community development project must be organic in nature (i.e., self- operating, which reduces the coordination demands on the executing agency, and the need for monitoring by ADB). This can only happen if (i) the design includes comparatively more tested and proven interventions and fewer new initiatives; and (ii) the interventions are limited in number and strategic in nature; and (iii) if an appropriate executing agency and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) are selected at the appraisal stage.

Project Number: 32024-013
Project Name: Sindh Rural Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Links between labor rights and welfare, good governance practices, poverty reduction and the improvement of labor rights through loans by multilateral financing institutions is relatively under-researched, at least with respect to Pakistan. Yet, given the overarching focus of ADB on good governance and poverty reduction, it is critical that this be explored. Poverty reduction not only requires that income opportunities be created, but also that these opportunities constitute a means by which individuals and households can exit the absolute poverty cycle.

Project Number: 32024-013
Project Name: Sindh Rural Development Project
Report Date: