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Lesson
Stronger coordination with other ADB projects in the same province is needed at the programming stage. One previous ADB project has supported four coal cities in green economic diversification and developed diagnostic analysis and roadmap for diversification. The original TA proposal envisaged similar support. The potential overlap was addressed during TA processing by shifting the focus of this one on advancing innovation-enabling environment for green economic diversification

Project Number: 54037-001
Project Name: Innovation-Driven Green Economic Diversification for Resource-Exhausted Cities in Heilongjiang
Report Date:
Lesson
High-level leadership facilitates the support and participation of all stakeholders and government entities in TA activities. Direct leadership of a deputy director general-level government officer, with strong expertise and interest in economics and management, championed the active engagement and contribution of local stakeholders throughout implementation, and this significantly contributed to the TA’s high effectiveness.

Project Number: 54037-001
Project Name: Innovation-Driven Green Economic Diversification for Resource-Exhausted Cities in Heilongjiang
Report Date:
Lesson
Effective knowledge transfer requires adaptation to local context and the participation of stakeholders in the design and preparation of the necessary materials and documents.The project supported the development of manuals and guidelines (e.g., corporate plans, landfill operation guidelines, public–private partnership guidelines). However, preparation of the documents had minimal participation from key stakeholders and there was limited communication to explain the documents to intended users.

Project Number: 43316-012
Project Name: Pakse Urban Environmental Improvement Project
Report Date:
Lesson
When functions and responsibilities are decentralized, policy dialogue with the concerned local authorities during project processing is just as important as dialogue at the central level.Although ULBs in Bangladesh depend on LGD, they enjoy some autonomy. The ULBs rapidly realized the benefit of better governance and financial management and these components were timely implemented. However, it took longer for the ULBs to appreciate the benefits of investments in sanitation and food safety funded by the project loan.

Project Number: 39305-013
Project Name: Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
In a project involving several ministries, the choice of the executing agency (or agencies) and the role of each ministry must be carefully assessed and discussed with the government and all concerned ministries.

Project Number: 39305-013
Project Name: Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Strong ownership of the executing and implementing agencies is key to project success. Adequate consultation with the borrower during project conceptualization and design as well as regular communications during implementation are important to ensure that the executing and implementing agencies are purposively identified, and appropriate institutional arrangements are made to ensure effective and efficient project implementation.

Project Number: 44019-013
Project Name: Hubei Huangshi Urban Pollution Control and Environmental Management Project
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Lesson
The requirement for counterpart funding to finance land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) should be clearly communicated to government counterparts during project preparation. Due to delayed and inadequate counterpart funds, particularly to support LAR, works were begun in several subprojects even before compensation payments were completed. This comprised noncompliance to ADB safeguards and caused the suspension of works in pertinent subprojects.

Project Number: 43319-022
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion East-West Economic Corridor Towns Development Project
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Lesson
Timelines for policy changes and major reforms should also be realistic, knowing that building understanding and ownership can take time and the passage of legislation can be a lengthy process. Two municipalities declined to participate in the project because of their objection to the transfer of ownership and management of assets to a state government agency.

Project Number: 35448-013
Project Name: Omnibus Infrastructure Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Close collaboration between key government agencies and the local community enables adequate operation and maintenance (O&M) of project facilities through community-based activities. Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat (community-based sanitation), being one of the national programs implemented by the water supply and environmental sanitation working group established by Indonesia’s National Development Planning Agency in 2013, made it easier for the project to mobilize the communities to participate during the design and implementation stages.

Project Number: 39071-013
Project Name: Metropolitan Sanitation Management and Health Project
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Lesson
Close consultation with stakeholders during project design and implementation is especially needed to address the difficulties commonly arising from finding appropriate sites for solid waste and medical waste management facilities in urban projects. Due to lack of land and higher costs of construction than estimated at appraisal, it was not possible to construct the integrated waste treatment facilities, slaughterhouses, and medical waste management facilities planned under this program. These components were eventually dropped.

Project Number: 39305-013
Project Name: Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program 
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Lesson
Planning for efficient resource use in advance adequately addresses the situation when the full output cannot be delivered

Project Number: 45506-002
Project Name: Gansu Jiuquan Integrated Urban Environment Improvement Project
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Lesson
Exploring the possibility of developing other techniques and approaches in measuring the economic benefits of a WSS project helps to firm up its socioeconomic contribution. This could help better capture a project’s results. Although time savings are valid benefits, these may or may not be secondary to the health benefits

Project Number: 38560-022
Project Name: Second Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
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Lesson
Extensive community consultations and information dissemination helped improve the uptake of infrastructure services and hygiene practices. Focusing on behavioral change among the poor and vulnerable population groups and working through behavioral change leaders and women's self-help groups, the project significantly helped reduce open defecation practices. To sustain interventions that induce rapid adoption of improved sanitation services, it trained women-led community-based committees to promote public hygiene and maintain community toilets in slums.

Project Number: 38254-053
Project Name: North Karnataka Urban Sector Investment Program - Tranche 3
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Lesson
Vulnerable groups need to have a voice in determining the mechanisms that will enable them to fully participate and benefit from projects. To ensure social inclusion, the project provided grant funding via output-based aid (OBA) for the construction of private toilets for 100% of the verified poor and vulnerable households. However, the OBA amount was inadequate, resulting in some households not building proper toilets.

Project Number: 35173-013
Project Name: Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
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Lesson
Lack of ownership of water users of project installations, which could jeopardize sustainability, demands appropriate action from the relevant government agencies. The project’s requirement of mandatory upfront cash collection for piped water supply connections, amounting to 5% of the estimated cost, was meant to generate ownership by the users. However, in many towns, the contribution was not made by the actual users but was raised by donations from community organizations, raising serious concerns about the efficacy of this provision and the eventual sustainability of the systems.

Project Number: 35173-013
Project Name: Third Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
Report Date: