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Lesson
Project preparation should have included better articulation of the need or logic for integrating a program loan and a project loan in a sector development program (SDP). Policy dialogue, which is essential to clearly establish an understanding among the executing agencies that policy reforms and project loan financed investments are interlinked, should have been undertaken; however, this was missing in this SDP. Two separate loans delivered in sequence may have been preferable and more manageable.

Project Number: 39305-013
Project Name: Urban Public and Environmental Health Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Financing a series of smaller projects within a broader financing structure can provide efficient infrastructure improvement support on a larger scale. Although the project completion report indicated that these types of projects should contain fewer districts to reduce the implementation burden, the report confirmed the efficacy of the project. Therefore, to provide large-scale infrastructure, it may be preferable to finance a series of smaller projects within a broader financing structure, such as a multitranche financing facility.

Project Number: 45084-002
Project Name: Coastal Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Project
Report Date:
Lesson
The engagement of experienced personnel with the ability to decide on crucial matters is indispensable to the successful implementation of projects. While there are limited financial and human resources in Tonga, the government tries its best to achieve and sustain project outputs through its recurrent budget. Implementation of key project outputs such as the CCTF and SMAs was eventually achieved.

Project Number: 46351-002
Project Name: Climate Resilience Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Financial intermediation loans, which can be used to finance the investment plans of enterprises, need to be supported by TA to build the capacity of participating banks and enterprises to achieve the intended development results.

Project Number: 39229-022
Project Name: Agriculture and Rural Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Constant training and practice are effective in deepening stakeholder understanding of ADB safeguard requirements and the ways they can best be met. This was proven by this project's experience with the executing agency that had no prior exposure to the concept og an environmental and social management system.

Project Number: 47305-002, 47305-004
Project Name: Horticulture Value Chain Development Project
Report Date:
Lesson
In addition to the technical and engineering staff, project management units should include staff with skills in financial management, economics, safeguards, procurement and contracts management, and communication. The project initially encountered difficulties due to the inadequate capacity of the project staff in social and environmental safeguards, contract management, and finance management procedures. An assessment of staff capacity in these areas will identify areas for improvement in future similar projects.

Project Number: 44429-013
Project Name: Climate Adaptation in Vennar Subbasin in Cauvery Delta Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Structural and nonstructural interventions require cohesive and integrated program approaches as well as long-term planning. The phased approach taken by this program proved most appropriate, allowing the step-by-step construction of various flood and riverbank erosion management (FRERM) structures while verifying innovative solutions and, in the process, strengthening state and local institutions.

Project Number: 38412-013, 38412-023, 38412-033, 43069-012
Project Name: Assam Integrated Flood and Riverbank Erosion Risk Management Investment Program (Tranches 1 and 2; and Multitranche Financing Facility)
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Lesson
Implementation is difficult if the capacities of consultants and executing agency staff fail to match the skill sets required for detailed design and construction of planned works. This issue contributed to the need for contract extension of the national consultants. The project also engaged three individual consultants (hydrologist, hydraulic specialist, and database specialist) to support the newly established Department of Hydrology and River Works and National Flood Forecasting Center.

Project Number: 40190-013
Project Name: Greater Mekong Subregion Flood and Drought Risk Management and Mitigation Project 
Report Date:
Lesson
Failure to identify and provide the necessary human resources can affect the implementaton of well-prepared projects. This was shown in how the deficit in operation and maintenance specialists and national engineers in the project implementation team and the late recruitment of a gender specialist had caused implementation delays.

Project Number: 44328-013
Project Name: Uplands Irrigation and Water Resources Management Sector Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Establishing a skilled and effective lake basin authority was a long and arduous process. Converting the Chao Lake Management Authority (CLMA) from a sound concept to a skilled, effective lake basin planning and management organization evolved over time, and actions taken under the project helped the CLMA to establish its authority from scratch.

Project Number: 44036-013
Project Name: Anhui Chao Lake Environmental Rehabilitation Project
Report Date:
Lesson
Maintaining the capacity built through similar projects or establishing knowledge transfer could extend the sustainability of project activities and increase the likelihood of achieving expected impacts. The long-term usefulness of the capacity that was built must be further considered. Closer linkage between the participants in TA trainings and the infrastructure activities could have encouraged participants to apply their newly built capacity within the project.

Project Number: 37097-013
Project Name: Integrated Rural Development Sector Project in the Central Provinces
Report Date:
Lesson
Exploring the potential for private sector participation in the project helps improve project results further. For instance, during project design stage, the private sector’s role in the purchase and processing of the products is an alternative that could strengthen complementarities with the public goods provision. More attention to private sector participation could be looked into in similar future projects.

Project Number: 44035-014
Project Name: Ningxia Irrigated Agriculture and Water Conservation Demonstration Project
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Lesson
Given a project area with a high proportion of ethnic minorities, active engagement of targeted beneficiaries in design and planning helps in providing incentives for them to take part in the project activities. Hui minority was involved during the preparatory and implementation stages of the project, which helped them to have better access to improved irrigation systems and up-to-date farming techniques.

Project Number: 44035-014
Project Name: Ningxia Irrigated Agriculture and Water Conservation Demonstration Project
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Lesson
Project partnership agreements with government on human resources and funding are critical to effective implementation and sustainability. While initially the project national project implementation unit had issues on staffing, procurement, and implementation, these were resolved with incremental additional staffing, recruitment of a small core team of individual consultants, and restructuring to a subproject management unit. The non-recruitment of a social development specialist; to be funded by the government, affected the Gender action plan monitoring and planned survey update.

Project Number: 44130-022
Project Name: District Capitals Water Supply Project
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Lesson
Consideration of the range of alternative modalities helps strengthen the project formulation phase. In the case of this project, this type of assessment could have examined the merits of a project investment vis-à-vis a sector loan in the choice of the modality. If this project had been formulated as a sector project, each of the diverse candidate subprojects would have been analyzed prior to investment, allowing those that were economically unviable or potentially damaging (from an environmental or social point of view) to be dropped and substituted by more viable ones.

Project Number: 43049-013
Project Name: Comprehensive Agricultural Development Project
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