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Lesson
India's policy on land acquisition needs an amendment in cases where sufficient land for improvement is not voluntarily available. This would allow for permission te be granted outside the scope of the policy, as necessary. As of 2022, the Prime Minister’s Rural Roads Program (PMGSY)is being implemented with no land acquisition. Where land is required, only voluntary-based possession is allowed. If sufficient land cannot be pooled on a voluntary basis, a geometric design is used as a compromise. However, these locations may become accident black spots.

Project Number: 48266-002, 48226-004
Project Name: Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program (Tranche 2 and Multitranche Financing Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
It may be necessary for state governments to consider special incentives to attract engineers. Under this project, some rural road network management units were not fully functional because of a lukewarm response from the department engineers about working in these networks. Relatedly, the states also need to further strengthen their capacity to fully utilize e-MARG, a web-based monitoring application system that enhanced efficiency, improved quality, and brought transparency to the maintenance of the project roads,

Project Number: 48266-002, 48226-004
Project Name: Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program (Tranche 2 and Multitranche Financing Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
Early and regular involvement of the financial management staff and collaboration with other development partners in the PMGSY program is necessary to better design the management arrangements early in the project cycle. Significant financial management issues throughout the life of the projects would have been prevented by such a measure.

Project Number: 48266-002, 48226-004
Project Name: Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program (Tranche 2 and Multitranche Financing Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
Shifting of utilities need to be included in civil works contracts to avoid delays in construction works and ensure that all utilities requiring shifting are shifted. This could also help prevent contractors from taking advantage of issues associated with utility shifting to their own benefit.

Project Number: 48266-002, 48226-004
Project Name: Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program (Tranche 2 and Multitranche Financing Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
Efficient arrangements, including adequate resources, expertise, and workforce, enable effective implementation and monitoring of gender activities. Encouraging gender-equality results achieved under various program interventions consistently guided the project functionaries and staff in implementing gender considerations concurrently with all project activities. The gender-equality approaches in this program can be replicated in future rural road projects.

Project Number: 48266-002, 48226-004
Project Name: Second Rural Connectivity Investment Program (Tranche 2 and Multitranche Financing Facility)
Report Date:
Lesson
Experience with this program validated the four reasons for the choice the policy-based lending (PBL) programmatic approach as most suitable for the development of the finance sector of Cambodia. First, financial sector development is a gradual process that requires proper sequencing. Key foundational reforms of the banking subsector must be in place before progressing to more complex reforms of the nonbank subsector.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The existence of a national sector strategy that serves as a blueprint to identify progress and near-term and future reforms needed to grow the sector is another reason for the suitability of the PBL programmatic approach. Government coordination and ownership of reforms articulated through a series of national sector strategies are necessary to ensure that financial sector development is based on predetermined steps, with each one supported by interagency coordination to achieve broad support for reforms.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
With financial services playing a key role in supporting the growth of the real economy while promoting inclusive finance, a comprehensive reform approach supported by technical assistance (TA) is required to make the financial sector more inclusive. As the sector continues to grow and ADB funding is limited, TA and strong development partner coordination are essential to ensure financial resources are strategically targeted, to avoid overlapping or overcrowding of assistance in particular areas at the expense of others.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
Long-term engagement establishes understanding and trust, which are vital for any reform program to succeed but indispensable for the finance sector, where policy actions such as those relating to interest rates or foreign exchange may involve significant externalities. A new program dedicated to financial sector reform is not in the offing, but this lag provides ADB an opportunity to re-enter the sector and focus on targeted subsectors such as financial inclusion and capital markets.

Project Number: 44263-013, 44263-015, 44263-016
Project Name: Inclusive Financial Sector Development Program
Report Date:
Lesson
The choice of executing agency (EA) is critical to project success. The Minifstry of Finance, the project EA, provided strong leadership and was able to engage the private sector efficiently. Its broad, multisector overview of the economy helped ensure relevant outcomes from the project, and its central ministerial position facilitated effective coordination across multiple ministries.

Project Number: 42466-015
Project Name: Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Using well-established and reputable industry associations as primary implementing partner for training rather than directly contracted training providers is a strategically sound decision for scaling up sector-specific, job-ready training. The industry associations already had a working knowledge of the skills gaps and needs in their respective industries, which reduced the time needed to develop programs and deliver industry-required skills courses. Job placement was also made easier thus facilitating the attainment of the performance indicators.

Project Number: 42466-015
Project Name: Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Continuous monitoring of training results and job placement is required to ensure the integrity of the training data provided. The online training management system (TMS) was set up to track large-scale training outputs from numerous training providers, which also became a basis of milestone payments. The Skills Development Coordination and Monitoring Unit (SDCMU) carried out several types of monitoring and verification activities. Rigorous monitoring and regular field checks were essential for the payment system based on milestone achievement, especially with respect to job placement.

Project Number: 42466-015
Project Name: Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
The multitranche financing facility (MFF) modality is appropriate for the phased Implementation of major reforms. It also proved suitable for the new training partnership model introduced by this investment program, which took time to take off within both the government and the private sector. This is because the stakeholders deemed it important to familiarize themselves first with the model— learn which aspects were working well, which ones did not. and subsequently modify or redesign those aspects that proved inappropriate or ineffective.

Project Number: 42466-015
Project Name: Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Setting a high job placement target to qualify for the final milestone payment can can create a negative incentive for training providers to inflate the training costs so as to cover for all their costs regardless of whether or not they meet the job placement target. This lesson, arising from a similar project in Nepal, was heeded by the tranche 1 project that lowered the job placement target from 70% to 60% to ensure that the training providers do not to lose their focus on job placement.

Project Number: 42466-015
Project Name: Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date:
Lesson
Replacing higher-level skills courses with in-demand entry-level courses can raise the job placement performance of projects. Industry associations initially expected a strong demand for mid- or higher-level technical skills; however, job placements from these courses were more challenging than those from more entry-level courses. Therefore, the outcome indicator related to increased shares of higher-level skills was not increased, and was instead pegged at just about 18%l, which proved more realistic.

Project Number: 42466-015
Project Name: Skills for Employment Investment Program - Tranche 1
Report Date: